The Founder of Pop Art: Andy Warhol :: essays research papers fc

The Founder of Pop Art Andy WarholAndy Warhol is the god father of Pop Art. His window advertisements were the beginning of an date where art would be seen in an array of forms away from the traditional paintings and sculptures of the old world. His love of bright colors and bold patters along with his quirky personality pave the way for his successful career as a major figure in the pop art movement.Warhol was born in 1930, in the town of McKeesport, Pennsylvania. His parents were Czechoslovakian immigrants. After his father died, Andy was forced to support his family through odd jobs. He worked his way through Carnegie Tech., Pittsburgh where he studied commercial art. After graduation, Warhol moved to newborn York where he launched a successful career as an illustrator.He began producing Pop pictures in 1960 with flora based on Popeye, Nancy and Dick Tracy comics. These archaeozoic works were branch shown as back drops for department store windows and were painted in loosel y brushed style based on Abstract Expressionism. Warhols first works using comic material tended to soften hard professional gestures and aggressive vocabulary of the texts and images. Warhol countered the scrupulous accuracy of the original genre with imprecision and deliberate error. In doing so, he soiled the comic strips narrow-minded ideological and decorative purity.Andy Warhols next series, depicting the mass-produced goods of Compels Soup cans and Coke bottles, captured the clean-edged look of commercially manufacture objectives and made him famous. He also turned his art into mass produced objects. At the time many critics were up in arms over the banal offspring matter. Abstract Expressionists were also angry at losing their place in the art market to a young upstart commercial artist. Campbells soup had a special significance to Warhol because it was his favorite meal as a child his mother fed it to him at every lunchtime. Suddenly a bland object became art. Warhols imag es summed up the spirit of his society and times- from Marilyn Monroe to Chairman Zedong. The silk- screened image became a format Warhol used for many years. He became well known in the early sixties for his many Marilyn silk-screens, of Marilyn Monroe, and for is used of the Campbells soup cans. His silk screened works would often use repeated imagery to render the subjects simply another artistic element. This distinction silk screens and soup cans, simple as they may seem became the back bone of the pop art world, and are recognized more than any others as a Warhol work.

How does the writer use language to create suspense in The Red Room :: English Literature

How does the writer use language to create suspense in The passing RoomThe Red Room is around a man who is staying at an old house with ahaunted room, which he is going to spend the night in. He is involuntaryto listen to the warnings of the three elderly occupants of the housewho are sure that the room is haunted. The story starts with the manspeaking and being very confident about staying in the room and howonly a tangible ghost will frighten him he is verbal expression that nothing canhurt him unless it is solid or touchable which is not what ghosts are desire. So he is also saying that ghosts do not exist. He tries to backup this by saying that he has lived for 8 and twenty years andnever seen a ghost however the old adult female says that he has neverstayed in a house like this. This creates to a greater extent suspense because thereader want to know what the house is like and why it is haunted andwhat the inhabitants have experienced to support their beliefs in aparano rmal housemate.To get up the story more mysterious none of the characters is named. Thethree old people are described, as though they are unhealthy anddecaying so they look like ghosts in comparison to the narrator. Thenarrator then wants to go to the room, so he asks the elderly peopleif they would guide him there but they just ignore him. He sounds veryauthoritative and superior but also very arrogant and the old peopledo not answer him so he repeats the pass on a little louder and theyjust tell him where he can find the candle and say he must go alone.Then the old woman says this night of all nights which again createsmore tension because what did happen on this night? They give himdirections to the room and he leaves them and heads for the room butjust onwards he leave the old man says its of your choosing the oldman is saying that when the narrator finds what ever is in the roomdont come to them saying we was pushed you into it.The writer goes on to set the scene for the jou rney to the room.Portraying it as a chilly echoing passage, which sounds verythreatening and menacing. He talks about the three old pensioners thatoccupy the castle coming from an age where there was no science andthe existence of omens and witches were creditable. As he goes down

Decentering the Self in the Technological Age Essay -- Communication I

Decentering the Self in the Technological AgeIn a beautiful park, at the gazebo, stand my two friends, Avatar and Lewia. The wizard is playacting the ceremony, and all is going very well. After many hours of intimate chat and romantic evenings together, today Avatar and Lewia are to be married - on the internet. This is the superlative degree of immersion to MUDlife. Life on the internet is affecting more people than many of us like to admit. I am interested in discussing the reasons for and repercussions of this configuration of immersion. The above description actually did occur, several years ago. It was around the time of the first current explosion of the world wide web, when the internet was reserved for calculator geeks like myself. The internet offers hundreds of virtual spaces called MUDs for Multi User Domain. Within these MUDs, users create characters for themselves and virtual worlds for their characters. Interaction is purely text-based, with few rules. Th e worlds are controlled by wizards, users who have the proponent to toad or delete characters that are abusive or unruly in some other way. My (real life) friend and his girlfriend used to frequent The fixing, a MUD for general discussion that has since been closed. My personal interest was quite limited, but I had to attend the cyber-ceremony out of respect. My internet personality, or i-dentity, was, after all, BestManChris. godly by a similar net-event described in Sherry Turkles Life On The Screen, I have recently reflected on the repercussions of that net-wedding. For people as young as we were, twelve years old, the internet and chat rooms are an escape from the control of parents and teachers they were a chance to be more grown up than real life ... ...he commonly held view that communication will become increasingly personal as technology advances is challenged by the popularity of IRC as a new work out of communication. People form virtual communities with loose social structure and rules in which the residents all have something in common, whether it is a wedding ceremony, hobby, or a inner interest. The growth in the number of IRC users is too large to be ignored, and I think it is going to be central to the recreation of communities as postmodern conference places and the continued decentering of self as electronic communication becomes more prevalent in the years to come. Works CitedReid, Elizabeth M. Electropolis Communication and Community On Internet pass Chat University of Melbourne, 1991. Turkle, Sherry. Life On The Screen Identity in the Age of the Internet New York Touchstone, 1997.

Attention Deficit Disorder Essay -- essays research papers

assistance famine Disorder     Approximately 3-5% of all American small fryren get an Attention DeficitDisorder (ADD). ADD is a leading cause of school failure and under-achievement.ADD characteristics often arise in early childhood. As many a nonher(prenominal) as 50% of childrenwith ADD are never diagnosed. Boys significantly outnumber girls, though girlsare more likely to be undiagnosed with ADD. "ADD is not an attention disorder,but a disorder of impulse control ( Seminar notes Barkeley) ."      Characteristics of Attention Deficit Disorder can include Fidgetingwith hands or feet , difficulty stay seated, awaiting turns in games,following through on instructions , shifting from one uncompleted task toanother, difficulty playing quietly, interrupting conversations and intrudinginto other childrens games, appearing to be not listening to what is being said,doing things that are dangerous without thinking about the consequences.      Most scientist now believe that a brain dysfunction or unregularity inbrain chemistry could be to blame for the symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder.The frontal lobes of the brain are thought to be most responsible for the regulating of behavior and attention. They receive info from the lowerbrain, which regulated arousal and screens incoming messages from within andoutside of the body. The limbic system , a group of related flyaway systemstructures located in the midbrain and linked to emotions and feelings, alsosends messages to the frontal lobes. Finally, the frontal lobes are suspected tobe the site of working memory, the place where information about the immediateenvironment is considered for memory storage, planning, and future-directedbehavior. Scientist believe the activity in the frontal lobes is depressed inpeople with ADD. Studies show a decrease in the ability of the ADD brain to useglucose, the bodys main source of energy, leading to slower and less efficientactivity. Neurotransmitters provide the connection between one side cell andanother. In essence, neurotransmitters allow electrical impulses to pass acrosssynapses from one neuron to another. It is now suspected that people withAttention Deficit Disorder have a chemical imbalance of a class ofneurotransmitters called ... ... important andeffective interventions for a child with ADD. Effective training will teachparents how to apply strategies to fill in their childs behavior and improvetheir relationship with their child.     Without consistent structure and clearly defined expectations and limits,children with ADD can become quite confused about the behaviors that are pass judgment of them.     Making and keeping friends is a difficult task for children with ADD. Avariety of behavioral excesses and deficits common to these children get in theway of friendships. They may talk withal much, dominate activities, intrude ino thers games, or quit a game before its done. They may be unable to payattention to what another child is saying, not respond when someone else triesto initiate and activity, or exhibit inappropriate behavior.     I decided to write my research paper on Attention Deficit Disorderbecause my four-year old step-brother has recently been diagnosed with thedisorder. I hope that my relationship with my brother can become closer nowthat I have a break-dance understanding of what he is suffering from.

Pride And Prejudice: Summary :: essays research papers

congratulate and Prejudice Summary     Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice is a complex novel that relates theevents surrounding the relations, lives, and loves of a middle-upper classEnglish family in the late nineteenth century. Because of the detaileddescriptions of the events surrounding the life of the main character of thestory, Elizabeth Bennet, Pride and Prejudice is a very involving novel whosetitle is very indicative of the themes contained therein.     The first volume opens in the Bennet household at Longbourn in England.As there are five unmarried daughters living in the home at the time, the matronof the family, Mrs. Bennet, is quite interested when news of a wealthy man base to Netherfield, a place in the near vicinity. Mrs. Bennet, in the bestinterest of her daughters, soon after begins urging her husband to meet with thenewly arrived neighbor, a Mr. Bingley, only if he is quite reluctant to do so. Soonafter, Mr.Bennet surprises his daughters and his wife by announcing that he hadvisited Netherfield and found Bingley to be "quite agreeable." The interest ofthe Bennet daughters arises when they learn that certain(prenominal) members of the Bingleyparty will be in attendance at an upcoming ball in Meryton. At the ball,acquaintances between the families are made, and all find some(prenominal) Mr.Bingley andhis cousin Fitzwilliam Darcy to be exceedingly handsome, however Darcys prideis so irritating and repulsive, it makes his character almost totallydisagreeable. It is at this ball, however, that the oldest Bennet daughter,Jane, becomes involved with Mr.Bennet her younger sis Elizabeth, however,falls victim to Mr. Darcys pride and is shunned by him during the entire ball.Beginning with this event, Elizabeth forms a prejudice towards Mr. Darcy thatwill prevent her future involvement with him. It is here then that the ii mainthemes of he work, pride and prejudice, are first presented. Soon after th eball, it becomes obvious that Mr. Bingleys feelings towards Jane deepen, andJanes feelings also appear when the family visits their neighbors the Lucasesafter the Meryton Ball. This, however, produces concern from both his oldersister and Mr. Darcy, who dislike the behavior of her family and, being part ofthe upper class, are prevented by their pride from liking anyone of lower status.Mr. Darcys attitude towards Elizabeth Bennet, however, soon begin to change,as he appreciates her subtle beauty. It is because of her prejudice against him,however, that Elizabeth does not recognize his affections he begins to join herconversations, and even expresses to his cousins his feelings.

freedol Noras Freedom in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay example -- A Do

Noras Freedom in The Doll House Nora is initi all(prenominal)y introduced as a macaroon-loving, nave individual constantly trying to please her husband. However, when the listening discovers that she borrowed the funds that allowed her and her husband to travel to Italy for a year in order to save Torvald from certain harm, Nora demonstrates that she is actually a much stronger character than originally portrayed. However, the realistic problem lies with the way in which she burrowed the money. In order to get the cash, Nora forged her fathers signature. As a result, she is in debt to the man who leant her the money, Nils Krogstad. Within the context of modern times, Noras execration appears almost daring and creative, rather than completely criminal (Egan 67). In comparison, Torvalds reactions to Noras crimes seem almost cruel and unimaginative. When he scolds Noras father for a similar failure to fix proper signatures and condemns Nils for doing the same, he appears to be an unsympathetic individual. He scolds people and judges them for their actions without considering why the may have done what they did. Furthermore, the household in which Nora and Torvald live in is completely patriarchal, again demonstrating Torvalds limited imagination. He gives Nora very little power and very little credit, when she appears to be much more imaginative than him. Within the houses walls, all items exist for one purpose to entertain Torvald. Also, Torvald appears to lack the understanding that other people may be interested in other things, and that there ar people on this planet who should be considered within the same class as him. The play was initially seen as an attempt to express the conflict... ... Henrick Ibsen A Biography. tend City Doubleday, 1971. The student may wish to begin the essay with the quote below Good grief, cant you understand? The old man never existed that was only something Id inspiration up time and again whenever I was at my wits end for money. But it makes no difference now the old fossil can go where he pleases for all I care I dont need him or his will-because now Im free. Oh, how lovely to think of that, Kristine Carefree To now youre carefree, utterly carefree to be qualified to romp and play with the children, ,and to keep up a beautiful, charming home-everything just the way Torvald likes it And think, spring is coming, with big blue skies. Maybe we can travel a little then. Maybe Ill see the ocean again.. Oh yes, it is so marvelous to live and be happy --Nora in The Doll House.

Causes of WWI Essay

struggles are large and complicated affairs. The first word war was the product of many, many things. Although the war officially began on July 28th, 1914, it had been building up for a while. The beginning of the war was much handle a domino affect. It started when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. On July 29, Russia ordered a mobilization nevertheless against Austria-Hungary in support of Serbia. The Germans threatened war on July 31 if the Russians did not demobilize. France then mobilized. On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia, and ii old age later, on France. The German invasion of Belgium to attack France, which violated Belgiums official deaf(p)ity, prompted Britain to declare war on Germany. World War I had be heavy weapon. Nationalism, militarism, and imperialism all prompted the contest between nations which led to WWI.Nationalism, the love and support of ones unsophisticated, has always existed. At this eon, however, it was so prominent, it helped cause the first world war. Since so much surcharge was devoted to countries, it made the possibilities of peace between past rivals less probable. People felt great loyalty and were willing to do anything for their country. In history, many wars ask been over territorial disputes. A country sapiditys nationalistic, and peoples pride leads to people wanting to expand with more than land. A country can feel so strongly about this, that they will fight for it. The spark of the world was the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife. They were shot by a Serbian nationalist because of the crisis in the Balkans. The Balkan Peninsula was a mountainous area below Austira-Hungary and consisted of many different ethnic groups. apiece group was very nationalistic and wanted to ext rest its borders, especially Serbia. Austria-Hungary took over two Balkan Slavic areas. Document 6 describes the tension in this region at the time. Serbia did not want Austria-Hungary to have Bosn ia and Herzegovina. The archduke was shot because the Serbians feared that when he became in power he would continue to persecute the Serbs who lived in the Austro-Hungarian borders.The assassination, however, only created more problems. A harsh ultimatum was given to Serbia and when Serbia tried to negotiate that harsh terms, war was declared upon them. Serbias ally, Russia joined right in the war, and soon after many other European countries. Nationalism was also a contributing factor to the alliancesystem. A country having more people on its side meant they felt more powerful, and more nationalistic. During World War I there were two alliance systems the Triple conjunction and the Triple entente. The Triple Alliance included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente included Great, Britain, France, and Russia. Later on in the war, the United States entered the war on the Triple Entente side, and Russia left. Members of the Triple Alliance were also known as the Ce ntral Powers.This is because the three countries were grouped together in the center of Europe. On each side of them, they has enemies, which is wherefore this was a two-front war. This is shown on document 2s map. Germanys Schlieffen Plan was a plan to have a large part of the German soldiery go west to fight France, and then go east to fight Russia. Nationalism is what made Great Britain join the war. Under the Schliefeen Plan, German troops invaded Belgium (a neutral country) because they ref apply to let the Germans pass through on their way to France. Great Britain was closely tied with Belgium so after the Germans attacked Belgium, Great Britain declared war on Germany. Although not the only cause of the large, complex war, Nationalism was the cause of many of the other causes. In many ways Nationalism can be a verifying thing. It can improve economy by increasing competition and devotion and make a country more prosperous. Theses feelings created by nationalism can go to f ar. Nationalism can also cause rivalry, feelings of superiority, and competition can lead to aggressiveness which leads to wars.Around 9 million people died in World War One. Tension between countries led to a arms race in Europe. Countries were over nationalistic and felt that having a large army made them more powerful. Glorifying military power and having an strong army is known as militarism. When a country has a strong army who is ready to fight, they are more plausibly to use war as a way of getting what they want. The main countries who participated in WWI all had significant increases in the amount of money they spent on weapons. Germany increased its per capitata expenditures on armaments from $1.28 in 1870, to $8.19 in 1914 (document 1). Propaganda, a way of persuading people to think one way, was utilise to keep up morale and support for the war. Posters like the one shown in document 5 was used to recruit soldiers for battle. People felt patriotic when they went to fig ht in the war. Countries competed tohave the largest militaries, and the best weapons. Militarism at this time led to the creation of many new weapons. Fritz Harber invented a method of using nitrogen from the air. It was used to create one of the worst weapons of the time, poison gas.The machine gun was also a new weapon of the time. It fired ammunition automatically and was extremely deadly because it was quick and easy. Other weapons of war included the tank, the airplane and the submarine. Submarines were used in unrestricted warfare and fired torpedoes. Militarism is why the war was so deadly. It caused rivalry between nations. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany envied Britain for having such a strong navy so he increased the German navy and built many warships. Britain responded by increasing its navy and building more warships too. Things like this started the arms race and created notwithstanding more competition between countries and alliances. Leaders looked at militarism and s aw war as the only way to solve problems, which is not true at all. other factor which contributed to the increase in rivalry in Europe was imperialism. Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution. These countries competed for scotch expansion in Africa. Africa between 1880 and 1914 was split up between Britain, France, Germany, Italy and several other nations (document 4). Long before the war there was competition between these countries for resources, land, and markets. Each country wanted to be the most powerful and felt that they could do this by obtaining as much land and wealth as possible.Many forms of imperialism were used to do this with. Germany and France disputed over who would control Morocco a couple times, so the mistrust between these countries was already at a high level. Before the war, grudges had already been formed. Document 8 describes the tension and the trouble spots prior t he WWI. The reason why the became and world war so quickly was because of all the factors that were already in place. Mainly rivalry, which imperialism contributed to greatly.World War One was ended with the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was intended to make peace between the countries. The treaty was unfair and created with revenge in mind. It made Germany pay $33 billion in reparations and forced them to accept war guilt. Adolph Hitler himself was a product ofthe First World War. In many ways, the end of World War I was the cause of World War II.

Caribbean Music and the Influence It Has on the Caribbean Music Essay

African medical specialty and history of African symphony in the Caribbean Identify and list some of the common African influences/features engraft in Caribbean folk and popular medical specialty.African music music of the music of the Africa diaspora was refined and developed during the period of slavery. Slaves did not have easy access to instruments, so vocal work to on new significance. Through chants and work songs people of African descent preserved elements of their African heritage while inventing new genres of music. The completion of this great sublimation of musical energy into vocal work can be seen in genres as disparate as Gospel music and Hip hop. The music of African diaspora makes frequent use of ostinato, a motif or phrase which is persistently repeated at the same pitch. The repeating idea maybe regular pattern, part of the tune, or a complete melody. (wikipedia, 2013)The History of African music in the Caribbean without a doubt the influence of black Afric an music has riddle worldwide and has a profound effect on music virtually everywhere. Caribbean music especially started to be influenced by the African heritage when slave change over was originally brought to the Caribbean and the Americas. There are different genres of music but the steel bands, calypso, and reggae. Listening to Caribbean music can definitely have a very dogmatic affect on your mood. It will give you a real good feeling and help highlight your day. For the most part the music stemming from the Caribbean is happy, vibrant and merriment like. The unique sound of steel drums (or pans) takes your mind straight to the Caribbean. Instantly you think of palm trees, spectacular long sandy beaches, hot sunshine days, long simmer down drinks and everything at your disposal to make your life easier and more tranquil. Steel pans (drums) have roots in Africa but its home is definitely in Trinidad. Steel pans evolved in the 1930s replacing the original banned tamboo bamb oo. A bamboo was originally cut to various lengths and sizes and was made into the main instruments.Reggae is one of the best known genres of music, which first came famous in the 1960s especially in the United States. Reggaes home is Jamaica and the world capitol has to be Kingston, Jamaica. Reggaes development ispartially due to African and Caribbean music, Ska, Rocksteady, and American R&B.Artists such as Desmond Decker, Jimmy Cliff, Prince Buster and the Legendary cork Marley breathed special life into reggae and it come toicially came to be prominence around 1967-1968.Bob Marley was probably the everlasting king and his masterful influence will live on forever.Think of Calypso, think great rhythms and let the music of the Caribbean take off to a better more beautiful place. It will help inspire you. (Jeszke, 2010)African Caribbean music is a broad term for music styles originated in the Caribbean. These types of music usually has an West African influence because of the pres ence and history of African people and their descendants living in the Caribbean, as a result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. (wikipedia, 2013) Most notably * Music of Cuba* Music of Puerto Rico* Music of Haiti* Music of Jamaica* Music of the Bahamas* Music of Dominican republic* Music of Trinidad and Tobago* Music of Venezuela* Music of capital of South Carolina* Music of Guyana* Music of Barbados* Music of Panama* Music of brazilTrinidad and Tobago Calypso and SocaPuerto Rico Salsa musicMartinique ZoukDominican Republic MerengueJamaica ReggaeZouk Music is a style of music originating in Guadeloupe and Martinique 1uring the 1980s. The conventional Zouk sound has a slow tempo, and it is sung in Antillean creole, although it also has varieties that have developed on francophone Africa.it is popular throughout the French oratory world, including France and Quebec.Jamaica An early form of African-Caribbean music in Jamaica was junkanoo, (type of folk music) and work songs were the primary forms of Jamaican music at the beginning of the 20th century. These were synthesized into mento music, which spread across the Caribbean.Trinidad and Tobago Trinidadian folk calypso is found throughout the area, as are African-Caribbean religious music styles like the Shango music of Trinidad. Calypsos early rise was close connected with the adoption of carnival by Trinidadian slaves, including camboulay drumming and the music masquerade processions. In the 1970s, a calypso variant called Soca arose, characterized by a focusing on dance and rhythms rather lyricism. Soca has since spread across the Caribbean and abroad. (wikipedia, 2013)Group membersChandy HampsonLashay Phillip

Immigration and Security Essay

The article, in a general context, raised the question on whether the concept of diplomacy and body politic has come back into the ideologies of the joined States Government? After utiliziation of progress reports on the issue, the writer came up with a central argument suggesting that the United States organization, with direct hitch by The Whitehouse, fin entirelyy came up with a easily-crafted solution that does not require the use brute force.Article writer David Silverberg (2007) stated that the compromise stipulated the following animated illegal aliens in the country (United States) can apply for residence Visas and eventual citizenship. Up yo 4oo,oo temporary employees can be admitted into the country for temporary employment just now would have to leave after 2 years. The act will then open new portals for educated, skilled English-Speaking illegal aliens that have long conformed to the anile system of family ties prevalent in the past. (2007)A certain premise of the a rticle pointed expose that the United States government had promulgated a possible solution to a problem that had been plaguing several of its major policies. The first policy violation was on illegal immigration, which caused disorient on the government funding because anti- illegal immigration efforts brought special costs and damaged the American economy in general.The other was the destruction of the myth of the connection between illegal immigration issues and terrorism which affects the United States governments war against terrorism. In connection, it was without a doubt that the United States have started filtering the country of foreigners particularly of Middle-Eastern heritage as an initial reaction to the Al stand attacks in 2001. In spite of the fact that most illegal immigrants were quite useful in doing menial tasks, immigration policies intended for homeland security threats would not be efficient if it did not consider illegal immigration matters (Farnam, 2005, p . 168).The said issues answered the So what? question due to the fact that issue of illegal immigration in the United States draw mixed opinion from American citizens and political figures ( pew Hispanic Center, 2006, p. 1). It was in this regard that the main point of the article was very convincing in giving the importance to the matter, for the United States government appeared to have lost the sense of diplomacy in executing its policies directed toward national security after the 9/11 attacks. The compromise mentioned by Silverberg then was the first non-hostile resolve on a national security matter.The issues that the article tackled was not unique in some(prenominal) way for illegal immigration was already a serious matter in the United States since the late 19th century. The issues of illegal immigration started in the United States in 1882 (Lui, 2007), wherein the United States government banned most Chinese laborers because of threats of cheap labor which undermined the e conomic stability of the country (Smith & Edmonston, 1997, 23).Silverberg articulated several points, primarily on how the compromise became reasonable and fair, and how it will be beneficial to either the parties involved. The reason behind Silverbergs judgment was grounded on the logic of the advocates who, because of their conflicting points of view, created dilemma in the legal and ethical perspectives. The dilemmas also affected the United States constitution, particularly immigration laws and human rights of the illegal aliens.Silverberg first bequeathed the side of the anti-illegal immigration advocates who argued that the United States constitution never tolerated mass law-violations, therefore such neglegeance should be punished accordingly. Sileverberg conversely showed compassion over poverty stricken individuals who sought for a better life in the United States, he also argued that penalizing illegal aliens was not a viable option for it will violate the policies of hum an rights. Second is the explanation of the side of the liberals who contend that illegal immigrants cannot afford legal fines that would be imposed. However, a simple humane point cannot justify the unconstitutional act of massive law breaking, hence, this is also not the perfect solution to the predicament.In a different note, Silverberg also attempted to pesuade readers in a securing perspective, that proposed counter-measures against illegal immigration such as investments on spare border patrol officers, more sophisticated border security technology, as well as construction of new detention facilities and extra efforts on identification of undocumented immigrants will tremendously affect the results of the compromise. In spite of the cost, Silverberg argued that the American government will reap a lot of fruit in their investments. Furthermore, Silverberg believed that condescension all of the expenditures, the act and the counter-measures will provide favorable opportuniti es for the United States.Silverberg also pointed out sleepless and proper timing in implementation was a fall upon factor for a rush in implementation may cause a difficulty in the process or disastrous results. Given the estimate that the proposition was a compromise, a wreckless execution of concepts may cause discrepancies in the status of illegal aliens.Silverberg only provided the stem of the compromise which is the only element constraining to literature in the article. However, the articles arguments were solidified by cited comments from key contributors such like Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and Senators Ted Kennedy, Jon Kyl, and John McCain who supported and rejected the idea of the compromise respectively.The given sources provided Silverberg with ingenuity in crafting solid arguments which highlighted the importance of the subject matter at hand. Though the method of data collecting was not well explained or expounded, Silverberg manage d to analyze the nature of the problem, the objectivity of the proposed solution, and plausible solutions to avoid the problem from repeating again. In this sense, the study can be replicated for the compromise generated numerous ideas for preventive methods. Furthermore, conducting a more formal study may serve as an eye -opener to the parties involved because the concerns of the article were inclined on how the United States government could lessen the violation of human rights in implementing policies.The variables Silverberg used were the parties involved, the against party and the pro party together with the points argued by the two opposing sides. Because as previously mentioned, the article pointed out the irrationalities and flaws of the advocacies which lead to the connotation that the articles premise was the alternative point of view on the matter.There were no exact findings or results yet as the compromise is still under the stages of development. However, Silverberg managed to give a rough estimate that the compromise can practically give a positive light to all the parties involved. Silverberg gave particular emphasis on the universal nature of the compromise in how it addressed all the concerns of the parties involved. He also concluded that the efficiency of the compromise , disregardless of ammendments, would be solid if ample time is given to perfect it.The findings were therefore comprehensive and complementing with the central argument and main points for Silverberg was capable of explicating how the compromise satisfied all sides in conflict. Judging from the arguments and the plausible solutions given, Silverberg successfully stimulated the importance of the matter. The articles conclusion then proved to be full-proof for one of the conditions included careful implementation and sufficient time for ammendments and revisions.Silverberg thoroughly addressed the implications of his conclusions particularly on how he gave emphasis on the dilemma created by the opposing sides. Through explanations of the advocacies, Silverberg do a comprehensive defense of his main arguments about the advantages and impartiallity of the compromise.ReferencesFarnam, J. (2005). US Immigration Laws Under the Threat of Terrorism. New York Algora Publishing.Lui, C. (2007, May 7). How Illegal Immigration was Born. American Heritage. Retrieved 23May 2008, from http//www.americanheritage.com/articles/web/20070507-chinese-exclusion-act-california-chester-a-arthur-immigration-san-francisco-earthquake-of-1906-paper-sons.shtmlSilverberg, D. (2007, May 22). The Immigration Debate and Homeland Security. HomelandSecurity Today. Retrieved 21 May 2008, from http//hstoday.us/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=284&Itemid=151Smith, J.P., & Edmonston, B. (Eds.). (1997). The New Americans Economic, Demographic, and monetary Effects of Immigration. Washington, DC The National Academies Press.The American Public Opinion on Immigration in Spring 200 6 A review of Major Surveys (2006). Washington, DC Pew Hispanic Center.

Gender Inequality in Workplace Essay

Gender inequality and discrimination in organizations will damage the individual quality of life in relation to Maslows analysis of human needs. Especially for higher order need which are needs for social, esteem and self-actualization.Wo workforce experience gender inequality in workplace. Although there are some(prenominal) women who earn more than men, the average women earn is still lower than mens. A study has found that in 1992, the average earnings of a year-round, full-time woman worker was $21,440 and for a man worker it was $30,358. Thus women, on average, make about 71 percent of what men make. Women age 45 or over, on average, have a net worth of 64%of mens asserts, $282,826 compare to $430,650. On the other(a) hand, when organizations hiring people, legion(predicate) executives have a subconscious that men can do better than women for some particular job. legion(predicate) women feel that if we try to climb the corporate ladder, we excrescence our heads on a glass ceiling, beyond which we cannot climb. The glass ceiling metaphor for subtle gender discrimination in the corporate world. In fact, in many peoples pespectives, some jobs are designed as the jobs men should do but women, such as actuary, financial analyst, financial engineer, administrator, professional specialiser and so on.It is gender inequality which is unfair. While women are moving into the professions, they are stalled in the lower-paying positions. Because this phenomenon has existed for a very long time, there appeared occupational segregation significance that women sometimes been considered as somebody who do not fit for any particular jobs. This kind of discrimination has leading an earning gap between men and women. For any dollar a man earned, a women earned, on average, 71 cents according to the Womens Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor. It has been estimated that one-half of the earning gap is due to direct discrimination in the labor market. Thus, women desire more for the need of self-actualization because they believe it will be more harder for them to develop their creativity and problem solving skills, also, harder to reach their goals. What people drop is usually what they need. Women eventually have more need than men for self actualization.Women experience gender inequality in social life as well. Many people still consider women is that group of people who should be in the lower class ofthe society. Gender discrimination is still a serious problem. An on-line consultation has ask a question that whether you agree gender inequality should be a highly priority or not. The answer show that 85.6% of respondents strongly agreed or agreed that gender inequality should be a priority. Another question was considering the issue if government should increase funding support for womens organizations working for equality and bring womens equality into attention of policy maker. The result can be translated into an average of 4.19 (5 in tot al), which indicates that the respondents generally agreed. For education, on the other hand, is more obvious.In many parents subconscious, born a boy is much better than a girl, because they believe boys can be more successful than girls in the future. Depending on those thoughts, parents will let boys to go to school and been educated but leave girls at home to do some bacis housework. For instance, in China, in primary quill school, girls constitute only(prenominal) 44 percent of primary school enrollment. In secondary school, girls make up 39 percent. At college level and higher, women account for only 26 percent of enrollment. Thus, for the esteem need and social need, women have more on those than men. Women want to have more respect from other people, they want to be identified by their success. On the other hand, because of womens nature characteristics, they will have more need on sex intimacy as well.

Rhetorical Essay: the Market for a Yale Women’s Eggs

Mathew Rios, Alberto Rosado 9/10/12 Jessica Cohens The Market for a Yale Womens Eggs first appeared in the brand-new Journal in 2001. In this essay Jessica talks about her experience trying to be an egg donor. With narration of her experience and the research she did on the topic, Jessica writes an enkindle informal essay. As a child Jessica used to read Where did I come from? but now its out of date replaced by ma Did I Grow in Your Tummy? Where Some Babies Come From This shows the changing ways of baby conception.She informs the reader that the infertility industry is a $2 zillion a year industry. It shows how many people actually do this type of thing a year. Jessica informs the reader about this to show how often this occurs. Not however does Jessica tell the reader about egg donations but also her own experience on the subject. This particular anecdote shows how business like people tummy be when discussing the conception of their baby. Can you tell me about your academi c performance? What are you taking at Yale?What high school did you attend? Jessica compared David and Michelle (the couple who had send out the ad) to a modern day Darwinist. Jessica began to have second thoughts because It would lead to the creation of a child with to many expectations She did non have to worry because she was not accepted as the donor. Jessica ends the essay with a scenario where the adult is trying to explain to them how hard they worked. The child would turn to them and utter the same parting words. The parents said to her leaden

Empress Wu’s rise to power is interesting

There is A Confucian dogma that pushes women ruling as unnatural (Empress Wu Zetian, 2008). However, in chinaware there lived one charwoman who rose to power. Wu Hou, also called Empress Wu Zetian, ruled China during the Tang dynasty, the only female to do so (2008). While some depict Empress Wus regime as autocracy, it could non be denied that she ruled China effectively, preserving the countrys diplomatic relationships with other nations (Hucker, 1975, p.143).Empress Wus rise to power is interesting.The Tang dynasty is described as a time when women experienced some freedom, at a time when women were not limited to being subservient (Empress Wu Zetian, 2008). It was a period where women became part of cultural and political endeavors (2008). Wu came from a noble family and thus was taught music, how to write and read Chinese classics (2008). Her father was one of Emperor Kao- tsus supporters while her mother descended from the Sui royal family (Safra, 2002, p.90). When she was 1 3 long time old, she was sent to Emperor Tai Tsungs court to be a servant (2008).Soon, Wu became Emperor Tai Tsungs favorite concubine. When the emperor moth died, Wu was removed from the palace, as customary (Hucker, 1975,b p.142). The emperors son, Kau-Tsung became the emperor at age 21 (2002). However, the new-made emperor, as fate would have it, was also enamored with Wu, giving him sons (Empress Wu Zetian, 2008). Wu shortly became the emperors favorite concubine and soon was hungry for power. Rumors have it that that Wu killed her own child and blamed Empress Wang (Kau- Tsungs wife) of the crime (Walsh, 2003). Kau-Tsung believed Wu and married her, making her the new empress (2008).Five years into their marriage, the emperor was struck with stroke and soon gave power to Empress Wu. When Emperor Kau-Tsung died, Empress Wu used her power to renounce the new emperors, her sons and by 690, Empress Wu was crowned as the Emperor of China (Walsh, 2003). She ruled China until 705 (Hu cker, 1975, p.142).Empress Wu soon began her campaign to uplift the women in a relatively men-dominated environment. She ordered scholars to write biographies of prominent women (Empress Wu Zetian, 2008). She also saw to it that her mothers clan was given high positions in the political arena (2008).The new empress favored religion and symbolism. Rituals were changed during her reign (Safra, 2002, p.90). Names of officials were blush altered, and the emperor or empress, in her case, was dubbed with the new title Heavenly Emperor (p.90). Empress Wu manipulated the government to follow her, employing informers and agents (p. 90).She made Buddhism as the preferred state religion (Empress Wu Zetian, 2008). Empress Wu was suitable to steer the Buddhist scripture into building a Ming Tang or Hall of Light, a shrine to Heaven as envisioned in the Classics (p. 90). She was even able to convince every prefecture to create a temple which alludes to Wu being an incarnation of Buddha (p.90 ). The empress given surname Wu was also exploited. Everyone who had the same surname as the empress was exempted from remunerative taxes (p.90).In 690, Empress Wu changed the dynasty from Tang to Chou (Safra, 2002,p. 90). She had become Chinas female ruler.During Empress Wus reign, China was in the midst of foreign battles. Despite being depicted as a dictator, Empress Wu was instrumental in Chinas diplomatic relationships. Together with Kao-Tsung, Wu mediated in the Korean Civil War (Hucker, 1975,p.143). At that time, Koreans were able to dominate in the Korean state of Silla, they acknowledged Wus reign (p.143).When Empress Wu was 80 years old, her power had started to diminish. She was finally abdicated and the Tang dynasty was restored (Safra, 2002,p. 91).Empress Wu is truly an interesting leader. For one, she is female. At a time when males where dominating the political arena, she rose to power. It is remarkable especially since Asian culture tends to be patriarchal and for a female to rule and succeed, that is exceptional.True, Empress Wus reign was plagued with intrigues and scandals. She was a dictator, a usurper and while this is not new to some leaders, it is still rather surprising to find a woman who is such. That is not to say that only men can be dictators. Women can also be dictators but sometimes they simply do it subtly. Empress Wu was shrewd and she let the founding knew it. It is even shocking to discover that she may have murdered her own child just to fulfil her desire to become empress.Although this was never confirmed, the perspective of resurrect harming his/her child is disturbing. It is something that people read in newspapers or see in the television now but to think that it happened way before it has become a norm, to say the least, it truly startling. Stories of leaders conning people to get what they want is normal, albeit wrong. This just goes to show that even during those times power and greed were already present and des troying individuals.On a positive note, Empress Wu was one who paved the way for women empowerment. She used her position to uplift the status of women in her country. It is interesting to know during a time when women were thought to be subservient there rose a woman who wanted to change the norm.Leaders, regardless of gender, can learn something from Empress Wu- good traits and bad ones.ReferencesEmpress Wu Zetian (2008). Retrieved 17 February 2008Hucker, C. (1975). Chinas Imperial Past. An Introduction to Chinese HistoryAnd Culture. California Stanford University Press.Safra, J. (Ed.). (2002). China. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.16, pp.90-91.Walsh, J. (2002). The Empress Wu Hou- Chinas Only Female Ruler, Retrieved17 February 2008, from http//www.suite101.com

Illustrated Essay of Contemporary Architecture: MAXXI National Museum

Illustrated Essay ofContemporary ArchitectureMAXXI National Museum002.jpg/This study will revolve around on MAXXI National Museum and it will supply a comprehensive reappraisal of Contemporary museum architecture ( create in capital of Italy in 2009 ) ( fig 1.1 ) , de sign by the Zaha Hadid Architects. As it was said in Museums in the 21st one C there is no uncertainty to state that the development of modern-day museum architecture can be divide into pre-and post-Bilbao epochs. Bilbao s edifices atomic number 18 a assortment of architectural manners, runing from Gothic to modern-day architecture Such as Frank O.Gehrys Guggenheim Museum Bilbao ( construct in Spain in 1997 ) which gives the beggary of modern-day Bilbao motion. capital of Italy has no job to turn itself into a voguish modern metropolis its glorification remainders on the accomplishments of antiquity, the Renaissance, and the Baroque. In mid1990s a saucy policy in Rome for the publicity of modern-day architecture has tried to alter the architectural understatement by its metropolis authoritiess, policy with different facets, positions and cultural activities, with willingness for freshness. The foundation of the MaXXI Museum was followed by international visualise competition amalgamation tout ensemble the new chances. Hadids proposal is an impressive urban sculpture with dynamic and indefinite disposition infinite. To build this essay, assorted beginnings have been researched. Therefore, its consistence includes Architectural construct and urban scheme, Space V object, institutional Catalyst and Contemporary Spatiality. The essay was conducted in the signifier of astudy, with informations being gathered via books GA papers 99 by Yoshio Futagawa ( 2007 ) , Museums in the 21stCentury by Suzanne Greub and Thierry Greub ( 2006 ) , and the undermentioned articles MAXXI Museum in Rome by Zaha Hadid Architects wins the RIBA Starling Prize 2010 by Levent Ozler, Zaha Hadid s MAXXI National Mu seum of XXI Century Arts by Zaha Hadid Architects, Starling Prize 2010 Goes to Zaha Hadids MAXXI Museum in Rome ( unknown writer ) .With multiple position points and scattered geometry Zaha Hadid architecture thrust new attack, for illustration with make Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati, she evokes the pandemonium of modern life. She could be recognized as an reason of the Baroque contemporaneity. Baroque classicists like Borromini shattered Renaissance thoughts of a individual point of view position. Hadid shatters twain the classically formal, regulation bound modernism of Mies van der Rohe ( Form fallow function ) and Le Corbusier and the grizzly regulations of infinite walls, chapiters, forepart and back, right angles. Reuniting the individual point of view in multiple position points with disconnected geometry, she established existent signifiers that morph and c stringe form. Hadid lets the infinites to talk for them. Hadids compulsion with shadow and am bragging(a)uity is deeply rooted in Islamic architectural tradition, while its fluid, unfastened nature is a politically supercharged rejoinder to progressively fortified and democratic modern-day urban landscapes. ( Council &038 A Museum, 2007 )In 1997 Zaha Hadid participates in international design competition, which one more clip confirms her passion to modern-day urban landscapes. The competition consist in two phases, the first 1 was unfastened international call for designers,MAXXI Museum Roof program, ( n.d. ) fig2of 15 of which were selectedfrom two deoxycytidine monophosphate 73 ( 273 ) . Among those 15s were six Italians and nine foreign houses among them were Vittorio Gregotti, and Steven Hall. The chief issue race was for museum plan and the urban circumstance for the Flaminio one-fourth of Rome, in the country of the former Montello military barracks. By demoing the relationship and tracts through the berth with two chief orientations and the clear functio n of the urban infinites, she won the committee.Her studies presented a series of overlapping beds, merged and regulate to a uninterrupted infinite. Design was based on the thought to open to public and metropolis. While she was work on Rome design she managed to finish Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati. Small altogether dark and tight infinites were allocated in the art centre of Cincinnati with articulation of the multitudes in the facade. While in Rome the edifice is horizontal instead than perpendicular, each of the galleries have own spacial position with entree to native glaring irradiation for a broad scope of exhibit infinites and installings. ( Greub, 2006 )However the modernist fashion in MAXXI fuelled the ashen neutrality of most 20Thursdaycentury museums. She has been prep bed to be challenged for the critical relationship with modern-day societal and aesthetic classs. display art and architecture promotes several signifiers of designation at o ne time. ( Futagawa, 2007 )Visitors arrive in a spectacular dual narrative atrium, with concreteHalbe R. ( 2010 ) fig3curved walls, unfastened ceiling which captured the natural visible radiation dominated, by suspended brace stairway that flows down from the upper degrees. There be five drift suites with a unvarying ceiling tallness of 6m, apart from the uppermost gallery where the theme is set at a profligate. On the second and 3rd floors, daylight enters via a uninterrupted glass roof, supported on deep trade name trusses. These trusses in any event include a mechanism to expose pictures or sculptures that arent floor-mounted the concrete walls themselves are tipped complete the perpendicular. There is a limited stuffs pallet walls are in open concrete, or painted white, and the floor is brooding Grey epoxy. To build consistence and additive way they have created a review of it through its emancipation. In its assorted pretenses &8212 solid wall, projection screen, canvas, window to the metropolis &8212 the exhibition wall is the primary space-making device. By running extensively across the site, cursively and sign, the lines traverse indoors and out. Urban infinite is coinciding with gallery infinite, interchanging marquee and tribunal in a uninterrupted oscillation under the same operation. And farther divergences from the stainless composing of the wall emerge as incidents where the walls become floor, or turn to go ceiling, or are voided to go a big window looking out. By invariably altering dimension and geometry, they conform themselves to whatever curatorial function is needed. By puting within the gallery spaces a series of possible dividers that hang from the ceiling ribs, a versatile exhibition system is created. Organizational is dealt with at the same time amidst a beat found in the reverberation of the walls to the structural ribs in the ceiling that besides filter the visible radiation in changing strengths.Schumacher, P. ( 2010 ) fi g 4By the thin concrete beams in the ceiling, coulomb monoxidevered with glass and filtration systems it is emphasized the natural lighting. The same beams have a bottom rail from which art pieces are traveling to be suspended. The beams, the stairwaies and the additive lighting system guide the visitants through the interior paseo, which ends in the big infinite on 3rd degree. From here, a big window offers a position back to the metropolis, though obstructed by a monolithic nucleus. The usage of natural visible radiation and interweaved infinites lead to spacial and functional, complex model, offering changing and unexpected positions from within the edifice and out-of-door infinites. ( Baan, 2010 )Furthermore, the edifice conforms to all applicable Italian statute law on naught efficiency, and computations by ZHA in 2002 show that the predicted warming energy use for the MAXXI has the possible to be well better than the bounds set by the jurisprudence for a typical edifice of this type . The edifice is fitted with a high efficiency heat recovery air-handling system, and good distilling boilers. CO2 detectors minimize the measure of incoming fresh air that needs to be heated. In stage to cut down the demand for considerable horizontal ductwork and cut down fan energy, air-conditioning system was positioned nigh(a) to each gallery. The galleries have a thoughtful signed external fixed shadowing system the steel ribs oriented to the South, adjustable external active louvres, every bit good as internal tumbler blinds to cut down on beaming energy and make lighting conditions for 50 to 200 lx. The vapid lighting is on a sophisticated control system. ( Construction of MAXXI Museum, ( n.d. ) )To reason I am traveling to stress one time once more the chief features of MAXXI National Museum.After the design competition, ten superannuated ages subsequently as theoretical undertaking the design go a living establishment, projecting an architectural pronunci amento and showing the capacity of a modern architectural manner. Interrupting the classically formal, regulation bound modernism of Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier into multiple position points, Zaha Hadid established daring architecture. The intent of all architecture is the physical body and theatrical production of societal communicating and interaction. The intent of all art is to experiment with new signifiers of societal communicating that project an alternate position of the universe.ArgumentIn the undermentioned remark will be justified the chief challenges that Zaha Hadids squad faced refering the building of Maxi edifice.With the structural technology were tenanted Anthony Hunts Associates &038 A OK Design Group. The mechanical and electrical technology plants were done by Max Fordham &038 A OK Design Group. The undertaking planning was done by ABT. And RIBA D and E. ZHA was appointed as site supervisor, which meant that every facet of the contractors ( Italiana Co struzioni and Societa Appalti Costruzion ) design and building that impacted on the expression of the edifice had to be signed off by ZHA. But the contractor had more freedom on structural and M &038 A E determinations. ( Construction of MAXXI Museum, ( n.d. ) )The design posed two immense challenges to the concrete design. The first was structural, as the galleries are fundamentally extended concrete troughs cast inside, with the glass roofs working as palpebras to allow visible radiation in. Merely the floors and walls provide structural stableness. The 2nd challenge was Hadids demand for a premium-quality fair-face coating to all concrete surfaces with sharp round holes left over from the shuttering bolts. The chief purpose was for the open articulations to be kept to an absolute lower limit. Reducing the figure of open articulations meant increasing the concrete pours to 70m in length and 9m in tallness, each pour necessitating 260m? of concrete. Formwork was assembled utilizi ng optical maser beams to guarantee exactly level surfaces. A liquid self-compacting concrete intermixture was specified, with a all right sum of powdery limestone and epoxy rosin additive, for optimal compression and a smooth, crack-free surface coating. Each pour took up to 18 hours, with concrete mixed on site in four big batching workss. And as the big pours had to bring around easy and equally, projecting was banned whenever external temperatures were anticipated to make above 25 ISC. In Romes Mediterranean clime, this meant concrete could scarce be laid between November and April. The construction besides included big spreads had to be filled with beef up steel bars with denseness higher than 300kg/m3. By cut downing the figure of articulations was necessary to maturation the concrete poured over 70 metres high by 9, a complete works, which required 260m3 of concrete in situ. The formwork was made in Germany, modular panels of 9 metres long and 2.4 high which were assemble d at the site and were linked utilizing optical masers to guarantee the level surfaces in the discharge clip. Dumping in these countries a liquid mixture consisted of self-compacting concrete, a all right sum of limestone pulverization and an linear in epoxy rosin, which was allowed to settle uniformly by the force of gravitation and which was cast around the support bars.While the concrete is poured, the formwork panels are controlled to look into the bulges nanometres. Finally, as the pouring of concrete has to dry easy and equally, without hazard of overheating, had to take into history the outside temperature did non transcend 25 , in the Mediterranean clime of Rome these conditions can ensue merely from November to April.Last but non at least in 2003, Rome was officially classified as seismal zone, which required that the construction of the museum was wholly rewrite and reformed in some instances. Several sets of hydraulic Pistons associated with the gesture of the articula tions should be incorporated into the concrete walls and floors and throw away motion articulations 5mm 3mm other less seeable, among other steps. ( Architects, ( n.d ) )BibliographyArchdaily. ( 2014 ) . Structural technology.Archdaily. Retrieved from hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.archdaily.com/43822/maxxi-museum-zaha-hadid-architects/Architects, Z. H. ( 13/12/2010 ) . MAXXI museum tidy sum theoretical accounts.Featured Architecture. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //buildipedia.com/aec-pros/featured-architecture/zaha-hadids-maxxi-national-museum-of-xxi-century-artsBaan, I. ( 04/10/2010 ) . Zaha Hadids MAXXI Museum in Rome /fig 3.Bustler. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.bustler.net/index.php/article/stirling_prize_2010_goes_to_zaha_hadids_maxxi_museum_in_romeConstruction of MAXXI Museum. ( ( n.d. ) ) .CM Construction Manager. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.construction-manager.co.uk/client_media/pdfcontent/MAXXI.pdfC ouncil, B. , &038 A Museum, D. ( 2007 ) . Zaha Hadid Architecture and Design.DESIGN MUSEUM. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //designmuseum.org/design/zaha-hadidFutagawa, Y. ( Ed. ) . ( 2007 ) .GA DOCUMENT 99.Japan Yokio Futagawa.Greub. ( 2006 ) .Museums in 21st Century Concepts Projects Buildings.Halbe, R. ( Mon, 13/12/2010 ) . Zaha Hadid s MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts/ Fig 1.Buildipedia. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //buildipedia.com/aec-pros/featured-architecture/zaha-hadids-maxxi-national-museum-of-xxi-century-artsMAXXI Museum Roof program. ( ( n.d. ) ) . /fig 2 Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //karmatrendz.wordpress.com/2010/01/06/maxxi-museum-by-zaha-hadid-architects/ jp-carousel-15944Schumacher, P. ( 2010 ) . The implication of MAXXI Concepts, Ambitions, Achievements.Patrikschumacher article./ fig 4 Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.patrikschumacher.com/Texts/The Meaning of MAXXI.html

Martin Luther King Junior is a giant in American History

Martin Luther female monarch third-year is a giant in Ameri place History. He was a famous hold outer in spite of appearance the Ameri stern Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and helped lead the way for m any improvements for African Americans as they sought to realize their hu earth and courtly rights which were guaranteed them under the establishment of the linked States. In trying to secure his civil rights and the rights of all piles of the United States, he succeeded where other f doingal parties failed. small-arm the blue Panthers, Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X preached separatism and some ms hate, Martin Luther fagot, building upon the teachings of Jesus Christ and his protest background as a Baptist minister, taught get along and to turn the other cheek, besides at the same measure, never giving up on what they knew to be right.Martin Luther world powers political life began in 1955 with his leadership in the capital of Alabama sight Boycott. On Decemb er 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow law which prohibited scurrilouss from sit anywhere on a bus other than in the back. Also, deep down these Kim Crow laws, an African American would be forced to give up that seat to a white gentlemans gentleman if there was contain room on the bus.The Montgomery Bus Boycott soon followed. Incidentally, earlier that year, the same thing had happened to a 15 year old girl named Claudette Colvin but pansy was non prompted to get involved in this case, instead opting to concentrate on the running of his church. solely this time, top executive felt that it was necessary to take a stand. And a stand would be required. The bus system was patronized by African Americans to a capacious distributor point. And with there cosmos no set date on when the boycott would end and if it would be productive at all, a great sacrifice was going to grow to be made. The boycott ended up lasting 382 solar days.1 It was only then that the bus system of Montgomery, al much(prenominal) or less bankrupt by their sharp crepuscle in revenue, decided to integrate all of their buses. The boycott had become a success and with it, the name of Martin Luther queen had become a household name within the African American fraternity.Dr. King was in addition implemental in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference or the SDLC. This group, popular among both white and subdued college students, harnessed the moral authority and organized b overlook churches to conduct non-violent protests in the service of civil rights re devise. The recognise to this method was the use of non violence. Dr. King was always insistent on this tactic be kept as central to their methods.The main target of these non violent protests was the Jim Crow laws which had attempted to keep African Americans in a quasi state of slavery after the Civil warfare and which had been very hesitant to yield any power over o the black commun ity within the Southern States. Dr. King as easy as knew that these methods, peculiarly on a large scale, would yield a fair amount of press coverage which would work on in their favor within the unpolished as a whole. virginspaper, radio and television accounts of the deprivations and inequalities suffered by African Americans helped to shed light on a subject that a good portion of the white community was non fully aw ar of and needed to be reminded if they were ever going to get involved themselves or at the very least, be sympathetic around the cause.This involvement hit its peak on an gilded day in 1963 when it was later estimated at over 250,000 people came to march on Washington.2 The main verbaliser of the day was Martin Luther King younger in what contemporary historians arrest lastly come to recognize as one of the most authorized talking toes in not only American History but overly world history as his words that day energise been quoted by leaders of any ground or group that have sought to secure their civil rights. In that speech, Dr. King spoke on the need for people to be judged on the content of their character and not on the color of their skin. As it was too practically the case, African Americans would be met with a great deal of assumptions intimately every(prenominal) conniption of their life by white people who had never really known a black psyche and therefore, their judgment was based upon ignorance rather than on situations.Dr. King wished to change this impediment into successful race transaction and harmony among all of Gods peoples on this earth. The title of the speech was I Have a Dream. It was a theme that he had spoke on before. He never said it better than on that day. It was the actualization that proper race relations could be realized in the future if people came to the realization that they could work together, play together, cry together and pray together and that each person had similar commands a nd dreams within their own life and for the life of their children. It was this speech, along with his efforts to pass the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act, the most definitive civil rights bill in a hundred years, since the passage of the 13th amendment, ending slavery in the United States.3 These rights helped to close the gap between what was promised to African Americans and the rights that they actually received. Chief among them the right to vote which had been greatly curtailed with the implementation of the oppressive Jim Crow laws.Civil rights for any people cannot be discussed when there is a major dissimilarity in the amount of monetary compensation that one receives which is much less than is paid out to soulfulness of another race. The march on Washington in August of 1963 did not just talk about an idealistic hope of the future but also dealt in some hard facts. Within that speech, were a number of specific demands. One of these demands called fo r the end of racial discrimination in affair.4There was no affirmative action and employers were not pressured to hire African Americans, let alone hire African Americans because they felt that the individual was the most qualified. If the hiring was a enlightenst the wishes of the employer or if he thought that such a hiring would decreased his business by inciting reprisal from his argona, the African American would not be employed. This kept the possibility of African Americans pulling themselves out of poverty and menial jobs, to a minimum and frustration to a maximum. The SDLC was instrumental in setting up protests in the city of new(a) York with signs that read Dont buy where you cant work.5 If there were not laws that helped end employment discrimination, then the next logical step was to his these businesses, King thought, in the pocket book as was make during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.Economic problems for the African American was a source of concern for Dr. King and umteen of his speeches be concerning this. King had read Karl Marx while at college and while he could not support the link to atheism that communism has, he rejected traditional capitalism and some measure, spoke of his support for a representative form of s easy-disposedism. The distribution of wealthiness for the African American was definitely an impediment to their success. Dr. King spoke to this problem You cant talk about solving the economic problem of the Negro without talking about billions of dollars.You cant talk about the ending of the slums without first saying profit must be interpreted out of the slums. Youre really tampering and getting on dangerous ground because you are messing with federation of tribes then. You are messing with captains of industry Now this means that we are treading in difficult water, because it really means that we are saying that something is wrong with capitalism There must be a better distribution of wealth and maybe America must mo ve toward a democratic socialism.6 Dr. King often said that the United States was on the wrong side of revolution in the world. The United States would support the revolt of the shirtless and barefoot people of the world but seemed to turn a blind eye towards the problems that a large segment of their own population was enduring right here in America. Economic problems for the African American, Dr. King recognized, was at the affection of the frustration that black people felt and the disillusion that they felt in Americas democratic and economic success.This press towards economic equality was part of Dr. Kings passion until the end of his life. Dr. King also pushed for the passage of what was known as the Poor Peoples Bill of Rights. This called for a bulky increase in establishment jobs programs which would be designed to rebuild Americas inner cities and to finally do away with the slums of America which were serving as an impediment to the success of the African American as i t could only breed more poverty as well as disunion within ones own country.7 Dr. King saw the need as well, to confront Congress hostility to the poor and the fact that billions of dollars were existence spent to fund the war in Vietnam but only a small office of that money was actually being used to rebuild the infrastructure of cities right here in America. King saw a vision for change that engulfed many aspects of life and sources of trouble and pain for the African America. Poverty, racialism, the governments brilliance on militarism and materialism as well as the need to reconstruct rescript were all passions of Dr. King which he felt was worthy enough of becoming his life work.Dr. King was a man who became famous and more importantly influential, because of his mind and heart acting as one. There have been smarter people that Dr. King but none have been as affective because they could spark the passions of a country in the way that Dr. King did. Dr. King was the recipient of the 1964 Nobel Peace Award to which he told his friends and family, he was bon mot proud of receiving this award. He also won the 1965 American Jewish Committee award for exceptional procession of the principle of human liberty. Dr. King was not the first person to recognize the inequality that was present in the lives of African Americans but there were none that put that pain into the series of effective sentences and themes to which he was open to formulate.This takes a mind that is sufficient to encompass a wide range of ideas and theories. Dr. King took his inspiration from the playscript and the teachings of Jesus as he was a Baptist preacher before he was a civil rights leader. But he also read Marx and was inspired by the non violence tactics of Handy as he led India against British colonist in the 1940s. This makes an intellectual one who gathers among himself, a wide range of ideals and motivations and by a careful study of a specific problem, learns to use what he will to his payoff and the advantage of his people for the greater good of society.8 The Black Panthers certainly didnt do this and Malcolm X did to a pointedness but not in the way and not to the degree that Martin Luther King did. And that made all the difference.King also received a long list of other prestigious awards. In 1971, he won a Grammy for the Best Spoken Word in Why I Oppose Vietnam and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is also the author of a number of important and influential books as well which he wrote during his time as the leader of the American Civil Rights Movement. Some of these were The Stride Toward Freedom (1958) which detailed the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Where do we go from here Chaos or Community? (1967) This book answered some his critics, including influential Black Panther leader Hoagie Carmichael, in why violent tactics in the attempt to gain civil rights would only lead to chaos and a step back within the civil rights movement. However, in later years, his intellectual skills within his writings and books have come under scrutiny. Beginning in the 1980s, questions were being raised as to the authenticity of Kings writings as there was suspicion of piracy within some of his speeches. Even his doctrinal dissertation which he wrote while attending Boston University was examined and it was insist that a sizable portion of his writings (25%) had under them a suspicion of plagiarism.University officials within Boston College came to that culmination after a lengthy investigation. It was also recognized that Dr. King got his material from a number of black as well as white preachers on the radio and was accused of passing of those words and ideas as his own. But it has also been pointed out that within African American folk preaching and the oral traditions, that often times the ideas of one are fine tuned and changed slightly in order to fit the audience to which Dr. King was speaking. Despite Boston Universi tys own opinion about these speeches, Dr. Kings degree was not revoked because the officials still believed that the speeches still made an important contribution to the academic world.Dr. King was an intellectual but also a man of the people. Dr. King had a keen understanding of the plight of the African America because he was black, but more importantly he was able to transpose himself into the life and troubles of a garbage actor in Memphis or an elderly lady going home after a hard day at work and simply not wanting to give up her seat to a man simply because he is white. Even with all of the awards that he won and the books that he wrote, this still remained the case until his last in 1968.Dr. King, by the very nature of his work, was a man that possessed a great social consciousness. Always on the side of the oppressed, Dr. King still continued to recognize the importance of continuing his side on non violence in order to obtain civil rights for African Americans. This, alon g with his superior tycoon as an orator, helped to make him so effective. He knew that he would never be taken seriously and his inwardness would never be able to resonate within the white majority of he had preached separatism or the idea that all white people were devils as Malcolm X did for a good portion of his time as the leader of the Nation of Islam.King knew, and genuinely felt, that it was not the race of an individual but rather racism discrimination and inner prejudice which served as the chief impediment towards one being able to love and respect their fellow human being. Setting the civil rights problem as a moral issue, was able to resonate among many more people than if he had listened to the Black Panthers or angry Africa American newborn people who chided him for what was seen as he weakness of non violence. Due to this, many young people as well as students, professors and others who perhaps had never before been motivated to take a stand for anything before in their lives, flocked to Kings speeches, protests and marches. This is the work of a man who knew how to use the crowd and their underlining sense of morality, to aid in the securing of civil rights for all peoples within America. The Civil Rights Movement centered on the social injustices that many African Americans were facing in every pocket of the United States.But it would also be Dr. Kings feelings on Vietnam that would prompt him to alienate himself from a large majority, the silent majority as President Nixon labeled them, that was in support of the War in Vietnam and therefore, against the harsh criticism that Dr. King levied against the governments role in that conflict. To be socially conscious does not necessarily mean that one is only aware of what is casualty within ones own town, state or country but the injustice that are occurring anywhere in the world. Not since The Civil War has a conflict polarized the country to the degree that The Vietnam War was able to place upon the country. And by 1965, Dr. King was vocal in his opposition to the war and Americas heavy involvement in that conflict in which he saw thousands of poor African Americans, uneffective to secure a seat in a college university and escape the draft, be sent to the front lines and labor and die for a country that has treated them often times, as second class citizens.9This at a time when billions of dollars are being spent to fund this war, when Dr. King saw dozens of other more worthy projects in which the money could be spent to better the lives of not only African Americans but poor whites and Latinos within Americas poorest cities. And Dr. King was all to aware of the fact that these poor cities and the lack of opportunities for the above mentioned only breeds frustration which often times lead to crime and a cyclical effect upon the next generation is often times too strong to avoid. It is this level of social consciousness that helped please Dr. King to the masses of Af rican Americans, not only during his short time as leader of the civil rights movement but which continues to this day as well. He often times makes the list of the most important and revered figures in American history. His ability of being consciousness of the social ills that befell many African Americans and being able to put those struggles into words is one of his most enduring qualities.Dr. King was so effective a leader of the civil rights movement because he was a great orator. If the masses, both then and now were not inspired by his speeches and written word, Dr. King would have become as successful at Ralph Abernathy or Jesse Jackson. Anyone in a leadership position at such a crucial time within the civil rights movement would have gained some degree of recognition but Dr. King would never have reaches the level of greatness that he did if we was a poor orator or writer.His Letter from a Birmingham detain as well as his I Have a Dream Speech are seen as masterpieces to be studied in history as well as political science and position classes all over America and the world. The success of his academic works comes from the fact that he writes and speaks with such passion, During his I Have a Dream Speech, King knew exactly the right time to increase the volume of his choice of words and when to speak in a calm yet assertive way. If he had shouted the entire speech or had given a meeker version of the speech, it still would have been regarded as important but it could never have risen to the level of greatness which that speech has enjoyed these past forty years.His text as well as his diction and delivery were all flawless. Great orators are also great writers on many occasions. Both Abraham Lincoln and Winston Churchill were methodical in the preparation of their speeches and would practice each speech numerous times as they debated over each and every word within their speech.10 This was the case with Dr. King. Each speech, especially his I Have a Dream Speech as well as his acceptance speech at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony, had within its pages, every word in its specific order, the way in which Dr. King felt his messages would be most effectively portrayed to his audience.And also, speeches whose contents were not practiced to the same degree and repetition are also wonderful as well because Dr. King spoke from the heart, from his experiences and he knew his crowd. This was never seen better than in the last speech he would ever make. On April 3rd, 1968 at Mason Temple, King have a prophetic speech it doesnt really matter to me now.Like anybody, I would uniform to live a long life. Longevity has its place, but Im not concerned about that now. I just want to do Gods will. And hes allowed me to go to the fortune And Ive looked over, and Ive seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land. And so Im happy tonight. Im not worried about anything. Im not fearing any man. My eyes have seen the Glory of the coming of the Lord11 Such a speech, if anyone has had the pleasure to view it, cannot help but be moved. But the fact that Dr. King was assassinated the very next day, makes the speech that night as well as what makes up the body of his works, that much more important to be saved and remembered.Dr. Martin Luther King Junior was an essential figure in American History and specifically, the Civil Rights Movement. His speeches have been repeated by every leader of every movement that has sought to secure for its people, equal rights and equal treatment under the law. His importance cannot be underestimated as he took his political, social, economic, intellectual and artistic understandings and molded them together to form a man who was aware of the plight of the poor and oppressed and was able to capture that pain and put it into words in order than the nation as a whole might understand that pain, in a more real, hu man and affective way than perhaps anyone in American history. And those are the reasons why Dr. Martin Luther King Junior is the great man that he was and which makes him motivate people forty years after his premature death.WORKS CITEDBurns, Ken. New York. Boston PBS Video 1999.Beltry, make . The March on Washington. moolah smell Magazine. August 30, 1963 p. 24-28Gordon, Terrance The smell of Martin Luther King. Chicago Life Magazine. April 8, 1968 p. 16-22.McMillian, Joan. Martin Luther King. I Have a Dream. Sacramento School House Educational Films 1971 McMillian, Joan. Martin Luther King. I Have a Dream. Sacramento School House Educational Films 1971.2 Beltry, Mark . The March on Washington. Chicago Life Magazine. August 30, 1963 p. 24-28 3 McMillian, Joan. Martin Luther King. I Have a Dream. Sacramento School House Educational Films 1971. 4 Beltry, Mark . The March on Washington. Chicago Life Magazine. August 30, 1963 p. 24-28 5 Burns, Ken. New York. Boston PBS Video 1999. 6 McMillian, Joan. Martin Luther King. I Have a Dream. Sacramento School House Educational Films 1971 7 Ibid. 8 Gordon, Terrance The Life of Martin Luther King. Chicago Life Magazine. April 8, 1968 p. 16-22. 9 Gordon, Terrance The Life of Martin Luther King. Chicago Life Magazine. April 8, 1968 p. 16-22. 10 Manchester, William. The Last Lion. Harper Collins. New York, 1988. 11 Gordon, Terrance The Life of Martin Luther King. Chicago Life Magazine. April 8, 1968 p. 16-22.

Deutsche Brauerei Essay

Deutsche Brauerei was founded in 1737 and has been in the Schweitzer family for 12 gene symmetryns. The caller produces quality beer and has won awards over the stratums and is owned entirely by 16 uncles, aunts and cousins. In 1998, Deutsche Brauerei expand into Ukraine. Despite the Russian debt crisis, the popularity of Deutsches beer add-on its gross sales greatly and within three eld of launch, Ukrainian consumers work outed for 28% of Deutsches sales. Further more than(prenominal), most of the unit growth in sales during that time period was excessively contri onlyed by Ukraine.In an attempt to market the beer correct more aggressively, Lukas hired Oleg Pinchuk, a marketing goose who understood the Ukrainian markets and had previous experience of marketing beer for a study Ukrainian beer producer. In the pursuit report, we aim to evaluate the past and prospective monetary performance of the f consec regularizernity, dividend policy and to critique its liberal boo k of particulars and inventory policies. An appropriate compensation scheme will like sensible be recommended. Adoption of a fee Scheme for Oleg PinchukIt is our belief that Oleg Pinchuk does deserve an increase in his compensation package to provide inducement for him to last out and provide future results. His strategies for fit outting up infrastructure in the Ukraine feel been fundamental to the societys sales growth. We be in addition concerned that some of his reliable policies may not be money qualification and are taking on too much risk as the economy shows signs of a recession. Also, we exceedingly recommend that the design of the compensation package be changed as it currently creates a large force conundrum. In 1998, Deutsche Brauerei employed Oleg Pinchuk as the Companys Sales and Marketing Manager.Previously Pinchuk has worked for a major beer producer in the Ukraine giving him invaluable insight into the industry and environment. The main goals he was p laced with was to market Deutsche Brauereis beer more aggressively while taking advantage of the large opportunities existing in profound and Eastern Europe. Our beer almost sells itself discount pricing and heavy advertising are unwarranted. The challenge is getting mess to try it and getting into a distribution pipeline. Pinchuk quoted. Initially in 1998, Ukraine had no beer distributors, presenting a large problem the company had no means of distributing the product amongst ustomers. Distributors in the Ukraine had no capital and could not receive finance from banks to set up their business because they had no collateral, low profits, negative change flows and were seen as a superior risk. They were overly not able to bear the credit conditioninal figures that were currently implemented on the German distributors. This is where Pinchuks strategies have been essential for our elaboration into the Ukraine. Pinchuk, on a small budget, managed to organise five distributors and set up warehouse arrangements.He relaxed the credit policy for the Ukraine distributors from 2% 10, illuminate 40 to 2% 10, make 80 essentially financing their business and making it possible for them to set up and operate. Carrying a cheering part of the distributors inventory also took pressure and prices away from the distributors while making it possible to respond rapidly to changes in demand. These strategies have increased customers in the Ukraine from 0 to 211, with even more expected in 2001. For Olegs strategies to be implemented, the business has required large working capital enthronizations. curiously in accounts receivable where eld in receivables is nearly 90 days. We believe that Pinchuks abridgment of the regress on investment has been overstated because he hasnt taken into account the investments in inventory and capital outlay that would also be needed. show 3 shows our adjusted analysis of the return that the business is receiving by and by takin g into account changes in inventories and capital expenditure. We assumed that 85% of changes in inventory and 90% in capital expenditure were attributed to investment in the Ukraine. These assumptions are explained in the exhibit.Our results still produce a high-pitched return of 42% in the year 2000 which is much higher than the apostrophize of financing farsighted-term debt at 6. 5%. Notably, these investments are risky and the company needs to compare the return to their risk adjusted cost of capital for the Ukraine and not the cost of financing the debt to see if it is worthwhile. unwrap 4 gives a good analysis of how these policies have affected the business performance and situation. Although sales growth has been consistently large, operating profit moulding has lightd overall since his strategies were implemented.Return on equity and realise assets have increased and in the year 2000 were 10. 3% and 8. 4% respectively. This is a good result for the business and show s efficient management of assets. It seems that Pinchuks strategies were by chance harmful to the business by decreasing the profit moulding and taking on a fix of risk. It is our belief that the credit policy should not be relaxed and could even be tightened to slight than 80 days. Unfortunately, trim risk by tightening the policy would be accompanied by a diminish in sales.Although Pinchuks strategies have been potentially damaging, we do believe that he deserves an increase in his allowance for expanding the company despite facing difficult conditions. His current compensation package is a base salary of EUR40,000 prescribed an incentive payment of 0. 5 % of sales growth. The current compensation package provides Pinchuk with an incentive to pursue projects that are risky to the company like extending large credit to distributors who are unable to pay it back. This would increase sales, hence increasing his salary, but would have a negative aftermath on some(prenominal) profits and the company.His incentive payment needs to be aimed more at collection and profits rather than sales growth. Our tribute is to increase his base salary to EUR50,000 and have his incentive payment tied to annual profits (0. 6% of the annual increase in profits). However, in our recommended monetary intention for 2001, in that location is a communicate net profit of EUR 2,712,000. This is a decrease in profits from the previous year and would imply that Pinchuk would receive no incentive payment for 2001. Hopefully this would motivate him to increase the following years profits by revising his marketing and collection strategies.Analysis of Dividend Declaration Traditionally, DB pays out 75% from earnings as dividends each year to shareholders. At the moment, the company has a specie terseage as it is holding high levels of inventory and is extremely relaxed in credit monetary value for their Ukrainian distributors. Paying out dividends at 75% would mean increasi ng debt in order for the company to fund their proposed investment in a forward-looking plant. This would add strain on the already huge short-term debt that they have taken on. The possibility of a financial downturn in 2001 adds to the uncertainty of an increase in profits as projected in the financial plan.Guaranteeing that the company will pay out EUR698,000 in dividends might be too risky. sort of than rely on more bank borrowings, Deutsche Brauerei should retain more earnings to cover their bank borrowings and to also finance their future investments and projects. In addition, should there be a financial crisis, the retained earnings would divine service to cushion the impact from the crisis. As most of the shareholders are older members of the Schweitzer family, and are retirees who depend on the dividend payout, quail the dividend payout might cause some upset. However, paying out a dividend percentage of 75% is ca utilise more harm to the company.By reducing this perc entage to 60%, the company is able to retain 40% of their net profits for reinvestment and financing future projects. These retained earnings would also help ease the problem of their current cash shortage. Dividend Payout 50% 60% 75% 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 Net Income 2712 3439 2712 3439 2712 3439 Dividends 1356 1720 1627 2063 2034 2579 Retention of Earnings 1356 1720 1085 1376 678 860 The table above shows the changes in retained earnings according to the changes in dividend percentages the higher the dividend payout, the lower the retained earnings.It is recommended that, in the first soak up of 2001, the company should pay out the same amount of dividends which the shareholders received in 2000 (EUR 546, 500). It should be explained that if the forecast for 2001 is correct, and there is no financial crisis, the shareholders squirt expect a larger dividend payout in the next quarter. From our recommended financial plan (i. e. net profit is EUR 2,712,000), paying out dividends of 60% would mean that the shareholders can expect to receive a payout of EUR 406,800 in the second quarter.Analysis of Deutsche Brauereis 2001 Financial Budget One of the main concerns for Deutsche Brauereis financial budget for 2001 is its heavy reliance on short-term debt financing. This is mainly due to operating strategies, policies, large sales growth, dividends and capital expenditure being financed through working capital. These have all attributed in draining the companys cash and causing the business to finance the investment through working capital using short-term borrowing. The overall reliance on debt financing has stayed around 42% (debt/total capital ratio, Exhibit 4).The main borrowing used by Deutsche Brauerei has been short-term debt, so the company has incurred a large cash drain. Short-term debt requires fast repayments to be made and normally charge a higher interest rate than what is charged on long-term debts. Short-term bank borrowings have inc reased dramatically from 1997 to 2000 and are projected to increase further in 2001 and 2002 (Exhibit 1). As for long-term debt, it has been steadily decreasing since 1997, further showing Deutsche Brauereis heavy reliance on short-term debt as their main source of financing.The 80-day credit policy minded(p) to Ukraine distributors has resulted in large increases in sales and accounts receivables. Exhibit 4 shows a large growth rate in sales and receivables mainly from the Ukraine. In 1998, accounts receivable in the Ukraine were EUR 424,000 and by 2000 have dramatically increased to EUR 6,168,000. In comparison with Germany, the Ukraine accounts receivable has grown at an extremely large rate. This is mainly due to the fact that most of the new Ukrainian sales are on credit. The credit policy gives distributors 80 days to pay, but in reality, in 1999 and 2000, the days in receivables was 85. and 87. 1 respectively. The fact that it is taking such long periods of time to receive c ash from sales is forcing Deutsche Brauerei to finance working capital in other slipway such as short-term borrowing. The company also holds a large amount of inventory for the Ukraine distributors. This requires duplication investment in inventory and that this inventory is held for longer. This results in it taking even longer to receive cash from our investment, thus increasing the already stretched cash conversion cycle. Exhibit 1C shows that Deutsche Brauereis inventories have been steady beneficial up until 1999 and have approximately doubled.The large dividend payout ratio has also resulted in the increased use of short term financing. Although the business has substantial profits to pay out these dividends, the cash is already tied up and these payouts have required more short term financing. The business 25% plough back ratio is not sufficient for reinvestment, requiring even more future borrowing to pay for capital expenditure. Capital expenditure of EUR 7 million has b een forecasted for both 2001 and 2002, requiring even more short-term borrowing. To prevent large cash drain in the up culmination years, Deutsche Brauerei needs to re-evaluate their debt financing choices.Long-term debt should be considered as an alternative to short term debt. Not only will this decrease the strain on the companys cash, it will also allow for the investment in a new plant and equipment for 2001 because of the availability of funds. Long term debt can also be used in 2002 as a source of financing for the proposed new warehouse. Since the cost of the warehouse is considerably high (EUR 6. 8 million), it would be unwise to finance it using short term debt, thus, long term debt would be the appropriate choice. Proposed Amendments to 2001 Financial BudgetTo produce more accurate predictions for the coming year, there are some amendments that need to be made to Pinchuks forecasts and assumptions. Firstly, in Pinchuks financial plan, sales growth in Germany and Ukraine were projected to be 3% and 45% respectively. Germanys growth is believed to be a fair representation but the predicted sales growth for the Ukraine seems to be overestimated. New projects initially have large growths per year but they also decrease rapidly. In 1999, actual sales growth for the Ukraine was 312% but in 2001, Ukraines actual sales growth was 47%.Therefore, for the year 2001, it is believed that sales growth should decrease to a figure considerably less than 45%, for example, 30%. Also, the operating margins seem to be optimistically high at 7%. An average of the operating profit margin from the past 4 years is 6. 88%. This is possibly still too high in comparison to Germany and Ukraines operating margins of 6. 10% in 2000. Our recommendation is to use 6. 1% again for 2001 because you would not expect operating profit margin to increase if the predicted global recession occurs.We have also changed the dividend payout policy to a recommended 60% as explained primarily in the dividend declaration section. Increasing the credit policy in the Ukraine to 90 days could be seen as a very risky strategy to pursue especially with the current signs of a global financial crisis. Sales would increase in terms of accounts receivable but the company already stands to lose a lot of money if distributors start to carelessness. A financial crisis would cripple the distributors in the Ukraine and they would be forced to default their accounts.It is suggested that the policy should be left at 80 days to prevent that potential loss. It is also suggested that permissiveness for doubtful debts should be increased from 2% to 6% to account for the potential recession. As mentioned earlier, it would be wise to tighten the policy rather than let it increase to 90 days in 2001. A sensitiveness analysis on pay and net profit was undertaken in Exhibit 2C, the purpose of this analysis is to work how net profit would change given our assumption for the allowance of doubt ful debt. Pinchuk assumed in his projections that the allowance percentage for the year 2001 is going to be 2%.However, it is believed that this is a considerably low percentage and should be increased to 6% to account for the potential recession as mentioned above. Our sensitivity analysis yielded the following results, in 2001 if the allowance percentage is set at 2%, then net profit would be EUR 3,083,000. On the contrary, if the allowance is set at 6%, net profit will decrease to EUR 2,712,000. We believe that this decrease will account for the potential recession that may strike in 2001. The company is also informed to take on some long-term borrowing as tumefy as reducing their investment in working capital.This will take the reliance on short-term borrowing. It is believed that the firm should get a long-term loan of EUR 14 million because under our assumptions, it would reduce short term borrowings to EUR880,000 which is significantly less than the firms forecasted cash of EUR12 million. This would get rid of the firms short-term borrowing reliance and greatly parent the firms liquidity. Exhibit 2D shows a sensitivity analysis of the effect of changing the quantity of long-term debt and the effect dividend policy has on short-term borrowing required in 2001.Keeping the current dividend policy of 75% and under the assumption the firm borrowed EUR 14 million, short-term borrowing would be EUR 1,292,000. Reducing the payout to our recommended ratio of 60% would reduce short-term borrowing to EUR 881,000. Reducing the ratio to below 30% would eliminate the need for short-term borrowing in 2001. Though due to the large quantities of cash the firm has, eliminating short-term debt completely is redundant. Exhibit 1A shows our forecast of Deutsche Brauereis income and balance sheet for 2001.We believe that net income for 2001 will be just over EUR 2,712,000 which is about EUR 1 million less than Pinchuks forecast. We have incorporated all our suggestions of policy changes including a long-term loan which will help finance the planned capital expenditure for 2001 as well as fix the current cash problem. Recommendations for Deutsche Brauerei Firstly, in regards to a compensation scheme for Oleg Pinchuk, it is recommended that his base salary of EUR 40,000 to EUR 50,000. Also, instead of having his incentive payment be 0. % of sales growth, it is suggested that the incentive payment be 0. 6% of annual growth in profits. This implies that Pinchuk might need to reconsider his marketing and collection strategies. However, it is believed that this would give him the motivation to increase profits every year and this is beneficial to both him and the company. After our analysis on dividend payouts, it is recommended that the company reduce the dividend payout ratio from 75% to 60%. This would enable the company to retain more earnings for future investments and also to cover their short-term borrowings.This also improves their current cash shortage situation. Lastly, it is recommended that several changes be made to Pinchuks proposed financial budget for 2001. Instead of a predicted growth rate of 45% for sales in the Ukraine, it is recommended that a more conservative figure of 30% is used. Also, instead of using an operating margin of 7% for both Germany and Ukraine, an operating margin of 6. 10% should be adopted for 2001. In addition, instead of relaxing credit terms from 80 days to 90 days, the company should keep it at 80 days and aim to reduce that in the future.It is also advised that the company take on a long-term loan of EUR 14 million for the building of the warehouse. Lastly, it is recommended that the allowance for doubtful debts be increased from 2% to 6%. These proposed changes take into account the possible recession that may take place in the coming year. Overall, Deutsche Brauerei has been successful in its expansion into the Ukrainian market despite difficult conditions. With slight changes to thei r current strategies, the company has the potential to achieve even greater success.